Spit It Out-West Virginia

Evidence-level

Effective (About evidence-level criteria)

Description

In the years prior to 2008, West Virginia — and especially McDowell County, located in southwestern West Virginia — had high rates of tobacco cigarette and smokeless tobacco use, the latter in the form of chew tobacco. Also referred to as “snus” or “snuff,” chew tobacco has significant adverse health impacts.

Early evidence suggested chew tobacco use in West Virginia was linked to several causes: lack of prevention and cessation services, and a deeply-entrenched rural culture that viewed sports and hunting as synonymous with smokeless tobacco use.

To offer prevention and cessation education, the Southern Coalfields Regional Tobacco Prevention Network Office (SCRTPNO), a community-based regional prevention coalition, decided to address this smokeless tobacco problem by implementing Spit It Out-West Virginia. The original 2008-2010 grant-funded program was based on evidence-informed science that provided situationally-appropriate information.

The 2-year grant support was provided by the American Legacy Foundation, a non-profit public health organization now called the Truth Initiative. After the initial grant cycle, program delivery continued through its association with West Virginia University Extension and other partners.

For the past several years, program support by the the McDowell County Commission on Aging and the West Virginia Division of Tobacco Prevention, has allowed the continuation of statewide outreach.

Although current smokeless tobacco prevention and cessation work is frequently focused on the increased use of smokeless tobacco in the form of e-cigarettes, West Virginia's high chew tobacco rates still warrant prevention/cessation work as provided by the Spit It Out-West Virginia program.

Note: The original grant program's implementation and outcome data currently serves as a regional and occupation-focused case study for a university's public health graduate program curriculum.

Services offered

The original grant-funded project had 2 main goals: to increase access to smokeless tobacco prevention and cessation services, and to increase tobacco-free workplaces and recreational venues.

To achieve these goals, the original Spit It Out program work included:

• Placement of 6 billboards across the county providing information about the harmful effects of smokeless tobacco
• Airing of 300 radio ads during hunting season on a local radio station
• Provision of tobacco-free education at community events
• Provision of print materials to local businesses and other public venues
• Providing tobacco cessation workshops for miners at the Brooks Run Mining Company
• Provision of individual counseling
• Engagement with local faith-based organizations to promote tobacco prevention and cessation
• Engagement with local businesses on implementation of tobacco-free workplaces

Today's program continues through the work of a project director — who is a tobacco cessation specialist — a nurse, and program partners who provide outreach to many West Virginia counties.

The program continues to reach a broad audience not only because of its efforts specifically dedicated to chew tobacco cessation, but because of the program's use in tobacco cessation and tobacco prevention programs.

Of note: Because of the technical changes in coal mining, the program is longer able to reach miners in their workplace.

Results

The results from the initial 2008-2010 grant were:

• 254 residents attended smokeless tobacco cessation workshops that focused on helping them quit smokeless tobacco during the project's first year
• The tobacco cessation hotline enrollment from the county increased by 800%
• 110 individuals received cessation counseling • 102 individuals received nicotine replacement therapy
• 49 church representatives received smokeless tobacco prevention and cessation resources for their church
• 6 mini-grants were awarded to local faith-based institutions to organize events to educate constituents about the dangers of smokeless tobacco use and the importance of cessation
• 5 businesses adopted a tobacco-free workplace policy

Unique to the original program's outreach was partnering with local faith-based organizations to reach residents of McDowell County. This partnership was considered a cornerstone of the initial project and played a large part in its success. More cessation success was seen when leveraging evidence that tobacco cessation in all forms can make an immediate positive impact on participants' families, as well as tobacco users themselves.

Recent 2022-2023 state-wide outreach results:

Tobacco Cessation Program:

• 10 workshops with 60 participants

Tobacco Education Program:

• 7 workshops with 60 participants

"Through with Chew" Media Campaign:

• Media outreach to 30 West Virginia newspapers, 50 dentists, and a Facebook campaign: estimated 60,000 individuals reached.

Read further information about the program in academic articles:

• Reed D, Lester D, Danberry K, Fink PL, Owens S. Perceptions of the Role of West Virginia's Cooperative Extension Service in Tobacco Control Coalitions. Front Public Health. 2016; 4:83.
• Reed D, Bowen E, Fint-Clark B, et al. Stopping Smokeless Tobacco Use: A Call to Action.Front Public Health. 2021;9:601890.
• Reed D, Danberry K. Smokeless Tobacco Cessation in an Emergency Room in Rural West Virginia. Front Public Health. 2022;10:811397.

Replication

While the Spit It Out project was originally tailored to McDowell County's hunting, gaming, and coal mining community, other organizations can replicate it by using evidence-based smokeless tobacco free education packages and targeting the social norms and regional and occupational traditions of their target population.

Efforts are strengthened when demonstrating that tobacco cessation in all forms can make an immediate positive impact on participants' families, as well as tobacco users themselves.

Contact Information

Donald R. Reed, Jr., DrPH, CPH McDowell County Commission on Aging
donald@mcdowellcoa.org