Rural Health
Resources by Topic: Economics and the economy
The Economic Burden of Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders: The United States and the Heartland Region
Examines how mental health and substance use disorders (MH/SUDs) affect healthcare spending and lost productivity in the heartland region of the United States, using 2016-2023 AHRQ MEPS data from seven selected states. See page 20 for discussion of rurality as a factor influencing MH/SUD treatment access.
Author(s): Alexandra F. Kritikos, Meg Hefferon, Devi Chelluri, MacKenzie L. Hughes
Date: 02/2026
Sponsoring organization: NORC at the University of Chicago
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Examines how mental health and substance use disorders (MH/SUDs) affect healthcare spending and lost productivity in the heartland region of the United States, using 2016-2023 AHRQ MEPS data from seven selected states. See page 20 for discussion of rurality as a factor influencing MH/SUD treatment access.
Author(s): Alexandra F. Kritikos, Meg Hefferon, Devi Chelluri, MacKenzie L. Hughes
Date: 02/2026
Sponsoring organization: NORC at the University of Chicago
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The Cost of Living in Minnesota: Highest in the Metro, Rising Fastest in Rural Areas
Examines cost of living across Minnesota counties and the economic variables driving costs. Utilizes Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED) data to analyze hourly wages, housing, transportation, child care, and more. Provides interactive county-level maps to show cost of living changes.
Author(s): Kelly Asche
Date: 02/2026
Sponsoring organization: Center for Rural Policy and Development
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Examines cost of living across Minnesota counties and the economic variables driving costs. Utilizes Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED) data to analyze hourly wages, housing, transportation, child care, and more. Provides interactive county-level maps to show cost of living changes.
Author(s): Kelly Asche
Date: 02/2026
Sponsoring organization: Center for Rural Policy and Development
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Georgia Tax Incentive Evaluation: Rural Hospital Tax Credit
An audit of the Georgia Rural Hospital Tax Credit, discussing both fiscal and economic impacts as well as public benefits. Offers an overview of the history of the program, how the tax credit operates, and characteristics of tax credit recipient hospitals.
Additional links: Report Summary
Author(s): Peter Bluestone, Federico Corredor
Date: 11/2025
Sponsoring organization: Georgia State University Andrew Young School of Policy Studies
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An audit of the Georgia Rural Hospital Tax Credit, discussing both fiscal and economic impacts as well as public benefits. Offers an overview of the history of the program, how the tax credit operates, and characteristics of tax credit recipient hospitals.
Additional links: Report Summary
Author(s): Peter Bluestone, Federico Corredor
Date: 11/2025
Sponsoring organization: Georgia State University Andrew Young School of Policy Studies
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Worker Displacement in Appalachia: Using Detailed Industry and Firm Data to Link the Displaced Worker Supplement to Appalachia
Examines worker displacement and its impact in the Appalachian region of the United States. Includes a literature review as well as demographic, employment, and county-level characteristics and experiences of displaced workers. Provides comparisons of metro versus nonmetro areas and discusses health and well-being impacts of displacement.
Author(s): Erin Kenney, Teresa M. Lynch
Date: 06/2025
Sponsoring organization: Appalachian Regional Commission
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Examines worker displacement and its impact in the Appalachian region of the United States. Includes a literature review as well as demographic, employment, and county-level characteristics and experiences of displaced workers. Provides comparisons of metro versus nonmetro areas and discusses health and well-being impacts of displacement.
Author(s): Erin Kenney, Teresa M. Lynch
Date: 06/2025
Sponsoring organization: Appalachian Regional Commission
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Most Recreation-Concentrated Counties Located Near Coasts, Lakes, and Mountains
Map showing rural and urban counties with a high combined share of vacation housing and of earnings and employment in arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and real estate and rental and leasing services.
Date: 06/2025
Sponsoring organization: USDA Economic Research Service
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Map showing rural and urban counties with a high combined share of vacation housing and of earnings and employment in arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and real estate and rental and leasing services.
Date: 06/2025
Sponsoring organization: USDA Economic Research Service
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2025 Annual Report of the Boards of Trustees of the Federal Hospital Insurance and Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Funds
Report detailing the current state of the Medicare Hospital Insurance (HI) and Supplemental Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Funds. Discusses Medicare expenditures as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and makes short and long-range sustainability projections based on variable economic, demographic, and healthcare trends. Also explains the actuarial methods used to calculate the estimates. Includes information on Medicare payment policy updates since the 2024 report.
Additional links: Tables and Figures
Date: 06/2025
Sponsoring organization: Board of Trustees, Federal Hospital Insurance and Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Funds
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Report detailing the current state of the Medicare Hospital Insurance (HI) and Supplemental Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Funds. Discusses Medicare expenditures as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and makes short and long-range sustainability projections based on variable economic, demographic, and healthcare trends. Also explains the actuarial methods used to calculate the estimates. Includes information on Medicare payment policy updates since the 2024 report.
Additional links: Tables and Figures
Date: 06/2025
Sponsoring organization: Board of Trustees, Federal Hospital Insurance and Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Funds
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Economic Factors Associated With County-Level Mental Health – United States, 2019
Explores the correlation between economic factors, such as household income, education, and supplemental income and nutritional support, and county-level mental health. Breaks down economic factors, such as employment, income and wealth, and expenses by rural and urban location.
Author(s): Michele L.F. Bolduc, Parya Saberi, Torsten B. Neilands, et al.
Citation: PLoS One, 20(6), e0300939
Date: 06/2025
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Explores the correlation between economic factors, such as household income, education, and supplemental income and nutritional support, and county-level mental health. Breaks down economic factors, such as employment, income and wealth, and expenses by rural and urban location.
Author(s): Michele L.F. Bolduc, Parya Saberi, Torsten B. Neilands, et al.
Citation: PLoS One, 20(6), e0300939
Date: 06/2025
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Compared With Urban Counties, Rural Counties Had a Lower Share of Working-Age Populations and a Higher Share of Residents Older Than 60 in 2023
Chart showing percentages of working-age populations and share of residents older than 60 in 2023, with breakdowns by urban and rural areas.
Author(s): Richelle L. Winkler
Date: 05/2025
Sponsoring organization: USDA Economic Research Service
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Chart showing percentages of working-age populations and share of residents older than 60 in 2023, with breakdowns by urban and rural areas.
Author(s): Richelle L. Winkler
Date: 05/2025
Sponsoring organization: USDA Economic Research Service
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Rural Dependency Ratios Higher Than Urban Ratios in 2023, Indicating a Greater Need in Rural Areas for Caregiving for Children and Older Adults
Bar graph showing dependency ratios comparing the number of youth or older people for every 100 working-age people in 2023. Features breakdowns by 5 levels of population density.
Author(s): Richelle L. Winkler
Date: 05/2025
Sponsoring organization: USDA Economic Research Service
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Bar graph showing dependency ratios comparing the number of youth or older people for every 100 working-age people in 2023. Features breakdowns by 5 levels of population density.
Author(s): Richelle L. Winkler
Date: 05/2025
Sponsoring organization: USDA Economic Research Service
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County Economic Status in Appalachia, FY 2026
Shows levels of economic distress in Appalachian counties based on unemployment rates, income, and poverty levels. Includes interactive map, downloadable maps and data files, and data report.
Date: 05/2025
Sponsoring organization: Appalachian Regional Commission
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Shows levels of economic distress in Appalachian counties based on unemployment rates, income, and poverty levels. Includes interactive map, downloadable maps and data files, and data report.
Date: 05/2025
Sponsoring organization: Appalachian Regional Commission
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