Rural Health
Resources by Topic: Rural definitions
Characterizing Rurality Using the All of Us Research Program Data
Provides a definition of rurality utilizing a 3-digit ZIP code-level scale. Applies definition to the All of Us Research Program to analyze rural healthcare issues such as access, delayed care, and affordability. Includes the definition's methodology and a U.S. map showcasing distribution of 3-digit ZIP codes according to rurality.
Author(s): Michael Bradfield, Toluwanimi Olorunnisola, Vignesh Subbian
Citation: PLoS One, 20(12), e0328958
Date: 12/2025
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Provides a definition of rurality utilizing a 3-digit ZIP code-level scale. Applies definition to the All of Us Research Program to analyze rural healthcare issues such as access, delayed care, and affordability. Includes the definition's methodology and a U.S. map showcasing distribution of 3-digit ZIP codes according to rurality.
Author(s): Michael Bradfield, Toluwanimi Olorunnisola, Vignesh Subbian
Citation: PLoS One, 20(12), e0328958
Date: 12/2025
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A Novel Approach to Incorporate Frontier Areas Into Urban–Rural Geographic Classifications: Integrated Metropolitan-to-Frontier Area Codes
Explores an effort to develop a rural-urban classification that captures the remoteness of frontier areas. Details the tract-level Integrated Metropolitan-to-Frontier Area Codes (tlMFAC), a combination of the USDA's Frontier and Remote Area (FAR) definition and the Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) Codes. Discusses the conceptual framework for tlMFAC and the census tract-level results of applying the definition nationally.
Author(s): Brody J. Gibson, Elizabeth Dobis, John Cromartie, et al.
Citation: Journal of Rural Health, 41(4), e70102
Date: 11/2025
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Explores an effort to develop a rural-urban classification that captures the remoteness of frontier areas. Details the tract-level Integrated Metropolitan-to-Frontier Area Codes (tlMFAC), a combination of the USDA's Frontier and Remote Area (FAR) definition and the Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) Codes. Discusses the conceptual framework for tlMFAC and the census tract-level results of applying the definition nationally.
Author(s): Brody J. Gibson, Elizabeth Dobis, John Cromartie, et al.
Citation: Journal of Rural Health, 41(4), e70102
Date: 11/2025
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Redefining Rurality: Adopting an Identity-Based and Community-Engaged Approach to Defining Rural Cancer Disparities
Discusses how rural definitions influence cancer disparities research via an examination of perspectives originally presented at the Transforming Community and Rural Healthcare 2024 conference. Details limitations and inconsistencies in current rural definitions and highlights the value of community-based participatory research and identity-based approaches to rurality.
Author(s): Trevor Kauer, Courtny L. Franco, Dominique D. Munroe, et al.
Citation: JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Date: 11/2025
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Discusses how rural definitions influence cancer disparities research via an examination of perspectives originally presented at the Transforming Community and Rural Healthcare 2024 conference. Details limitations and inconsistencies in current rural definitions and highlights the value of community-based participatory research and identity-based approaches to rurality.
Author(s): Trevor Kauer, Courtny L. Franco, Dominique D. Munroe, et al.
Citation: JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Date: 11/2025
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Leveraging the Rural-Urban Commuting Area Tool to Address Geographic Disparities in Cancer Care: A Dual-Application Framework for Institutional and National Initiatives
Details an open-access Rural-Urban Community Area (RUCA) tool to standardize patients' geographic coding in cancer disparities research by integrating RUCA codes with census tract and electronic health record system data. Provides data on the tool's application, utilizing 2023 cancer registry data provided by Wake Forest Cancer Center in North Carolina.
Author(s): Meredith C.B. Adams, Cody L. Hudson, Matthew L. Perkins, Robert W. Hurley, Umit Topaloglu
Citation: JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, 9, e2500122
Date: 11/2025
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Details an open-access Rural-Urban Community Area (RUCA) tool to standardize patients' geographic coding in cancer disparities research by integrating RUCA codes with census tract and electronic health record system data. Provides data on the tool's application, utilizing 2023 cancer registry data provided by Wake Forest Cancer Center in North Carolina.
Author(s): Meredith C.B. Adams, Cody L. Hudson, Matthew L. Perkins, Robert W. Hurley, Umit Topaloglu
Citation: JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, 9, e2500122
Date: 11/2025
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Rural & Safety Net Health Facilities in Arizona
Map of Arizona's Critical Access Hospitals, Indian Health Service and Tribal Facilities, Rural Health Clinics, and Federally Qualified Health Centers. Highlights FORHP rural area and USDA frontier and remote area definitions.
Date: 10/2025
Sponsoring organization: Arizona Center for Rural Health
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Map of Arizona's Critical Access Hospitals, Indian Health Service and Tribal Facilities, Rural Health Clinics, and Federally Qualified Health Centers. Highlights FORHP rural area and USDA frontier and remote area definitions.
Date: 10/2025
Sponsoring organization: Arizona Center for Rural Health
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Understanding Rural Healthcare Needs with Census Data and Other Sources
A recorded webinar that discusses the Kansas Center for Rural Health, rural definitions, and data collection.
Date: 09/2025
Sponsoring organization: University of Kansas Medical Center
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A recorded webinar that discusses the Kansas Center for Rural Health, rural definitions, and data collection.
Date: 09/2025
Sponsoring organization: University of Kansas Medical Center
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A Review of Common Limitations in Rural Related Studies in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Examines rural-focused research studies and their data limitations, such as quality of data, generalizability, numerous rural definitions, outdated data, and more. Reviews 259 research studies published between 2019-2022 in prominent peer-reviewed journals to analyze study characteristics and author-reported limitations.
Author(s): Stephanie M. Mathis, Olivia A. Sullivan, Margaret M. Francisco, et al.
Date: 09/2025
Sponsoring organization: ETSU/NORC Rural Health Research Center
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Examines rural-focused research studies and their data limitations, such as quality of data, generalizability, numerous rural definitions, outdated data, and more. Reviews 259 research studies published between 2019-2022 in prominent peer-reviewed journals to analyze study characteristics and author-reported limitations.
Author(s): Stephanie M. Mathis, Olivia A. Sullivan, Margaret M. Francisco, et al.
Date: 09/2025
Sponsoring organization: ETSU/NORC Rural Health Research Center
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Distribution of Block Grant Funding: Considerations for Rural Communities
Analyzes the allocation of federal block grant funding from states to local communities via case studies of public health, community development, and substance use treatment funding distribution in six states. Highlights barriers and facilitators of rural funding, including agency staffing, flexibility, and cooperation and state-by-state variation in approaches to rurality.
Author(s): Kate E. Beatty, Casey P. Balio, Margaret M. Francisco, Michael B. Meit, Stephanie M. Mathis
Date: 09/2025
Sponsoring organization: ETSU/NORC Rural Health Research Center
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Analyzes the allocation of federal block grant funding from states to local communities via case studies of public health, community development, and substance use treatment funding distribution in six states. Highlights barriers and facilitators of rural funding, including agency staffing, flexibility, and cooperation and state-by-state variation in approaches to rurality.
Author(s): Kate E. Beatty, Casey P. Balio, Margaret M. Francisco, Michael B. Meit, Stephanie M. Mathis
Date: 09/2025
Sponsoring organization: ETSU/NORC Rural Health Research Center
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Data Gem: Access and Compare Rural vs. Urban Area Population Data
Video demonstrating how to compare rural and urban areas using data.census.gov. Transcript linked underneath the video player.
Date: 08/2025
Sponsoring organization: U.S. Census Bureau
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Video demonstrating how to compare rural and urban areas using data.census.gov. Transcript linked underneath the video player.
Date: 08/2025
Sponsoring organization: U.S. Census Bureau
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A Comparison of Classifications for Geographic Location and their Associations with Tobacco Use among US Adults
Details a study on the differences in two different rural classification in rates of cigarette, e-cigarette, and smokeless tobacco usage. Compares U.S. Census Bureau's definition of urban and rural areas with the National Center for Education Statistics' urban/suburban/town/rural classification.
Author(s): Jenny E. Ozga, Andrea Milstred, Melissa D. Blank, et al.
Citation: Journal of Rural Health, 41(3), e70070
Date: 06/2025
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Details a study on the differences in two different rural classification in rates of cigarette, e-cigarette, and smokeless tobacco usage. Compares U.S. Census Bureau's definition of urban and rural areas with the National Center for Education Statistics' urban/suburban/town/rural classification.
Author(s): Jenny E. Ozga, Andrea Milstred, Melissa D. Blank, et al.
Citation: Journal of Rural Health, 41(3), e70070
Date: 06/2025
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