Rural Health
Resources by Topic: Income
The State of Rural Minnesota: 2026
Presents an overview of rural Minnesota. Includes interactive county-level data and statistics on population migration, economic vitality, employment, income, demographics, rural versus urban comparisons, and more.
Additional links: Summary Presentation
Author(s): Kelly Asche, Marnie Werner
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: Center for Rural Policy and Development
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Presents an overview of rural Minnesota. Includes interactive county-level data and statistics on population migration, economic vitality, employment, income, demographics, rural versus urban comparisons, and more.
Additional links: Summary Presentation
Author(s): Kelly Asche, Marnie Werner
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: Center for Rural Policy and Development
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Early-Life Rural Disadvantage and Executive Function in Adulthood: The Role of Income and Education
Examines the association between early-life rural dwelling and executive function (EF) later in life using Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) longitudinal survey data of 2,035 adults. Includes data and discussion on the influence of educational attainment and childhood financial status on adult EF.
Author(s): Julia Sheffler, Andrea Bautista, Helen Smith, Hannah Karter, Zhuo Meng
Citation: Journal of Public Health Research, 15(1), 22799036261418437
Date: 02/2026
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Examines the association between early-life rural dwelling and executive function (EF) later in life using Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) longitudinal survey data of 2,035 adults. Includes data and discussion on the influence of educational attainment and childhood financial status on adult EF.
Author(s): Julia Sheffler, Andrea Bautista, Helen Smith, Hannah Karter, Zhuo Meng
Citation: Journal of Public Health Research, 15(1), 22799036261418437
Date: 02/2026
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Have Incomes Kept Up With Minnesota's Rising Cost of Living?
Discusses cost of living in relation to median household income in Minnesota. Provides interactive, county-level maps showing household income and cost of living changes from 2018 to 2024.
Author(s): Kelly Asche
Date: 02/2026
Sponsoring organization: Center for Rural Policy and Development
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Discusses cost of living in relation to median household income in Minnesota. Provides interactive, county-level maps showing household income and cost of living changes from 2018 to 2024.
Author(s): Kelly Asche
Date: 02/2026
Sponsoring organization: Center for Rural Policy and Development
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Rural Sleep Health and Sleep Health Disparities among Children and Adults in the United States
Examines sleep health characteristics among rural populations in the United States. Utilizes 2020 and 2022 National Health Interview Survey data to analyze the sleep health of 1,429 children and 8,673 adults residing in nonmetro counties, focusing on demographic variables, socioeconomic variables, and sleep health.
Author(s): Symielle A. Gaston, Christopher W. Payne, William Braxton Jackson, II, Chandra L. Jackson
Citation: Sleep Health, 12(1), 39-51
Date: 02/2026
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Examines sleep health characteristics among rural populations in the United States. Utilizes 2020 and 2022 National Health Interview Survey data to analyze the sleep health of 1,429 children and 8,673 adults residing in nonmetro counties, focusing on demographic variables, socioeconomic variables, and sleep health.
Author(s): Symielle A. Gaston, Christopher W. Payne, William Braxton Jackson, II, Chandra L. Jackson
Citation: Sleep Health, 12(1), 39-51
Date: 02/2026
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The Cost of Living in Minnesota: Highest in the Metro, Rising Fastest in Rural Areas
Examines cost of living across Minnesota counties and the economic variables driving costs. Utilizes Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED) data to analyze hourly wages, housing, transportation, child care, and more. Provides interactive county-level maps to show cost of living changes.
Author(s): Kelly Asche
Date: 02/2026
Sponsoring organization: Center for Rural Policy and Development
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Examines cost of living across Minnesota counties and the economic variables driving costs. Utilizes Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED) data to analyze hourly wages, housing, transportation, child care, and more. Provides interactive county-level maps to show cost of living changes.
Author(s): Kelly Asche
Date: 02/2026
Sponsoring organization: Center for Rural Policy and Development
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Stroke Technology Diffusion in Rural Settings: Differential Exposure to Certification Levels by Community Income Levels
Analyzes how access to certified stroke center services has varied over time among rural communities by median family income level, using 2009-2019 Medicare Provider and Analysis Review (MedPAR) data. Compares access to Acute Stroke Ready Hospitals, Primary Stroke Centers, Thrombectomy-Capable Stroke Centers, or Comprehensive Stroke Centers among low, medium, and high-income communities.
Author(s): Yu-Chu Shen, Maya Spencer, Renee Y. Hsia
Citation: Neurology, 106(4), e214644
Date: 01/2026
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Analyzes how access to certified stroke center services has varied over time among rural communities by median family income level, using 2009-2019 Medicare Provider and Analysis Review (MedPAR) data. Compares access to Acute Stroke Ready Hospitals, Primary Stroke Centers, Thrombectomy-Capable Stroke Centers, or Comprehensive Stroke Centers among low, medium, and high-income communities.
Author(s): Yu-Chu Shen, Maya Spencer, Renee Y. Hsia
Citation: Neurology, 106(4), e214644
Date: 01/2026
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Rural America at a Glance: 2025 Edition
Provides an overview of social and economic factors affecting rural America, with a focus on population migration, poverty, and employment. Includes county-level maps as well as metro and nonmetro comparisons.
Author(s): Tracey Farrigan, Austin Sanders, Lauren Miller, et al.
Date: 01/2026
Sponsoring organization: USDA Economic Research Service
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Provides an overview of social and economic factors affecting rural America, with a focus on population migration, poverty, and employment. Includes county-level maps as well as metro and nonmetro comparisons.
Author(s): Tracey Farrigan, Austin Sanders, Lauren Miller, et al.
Date: 01/2026
Sponsoring organization: USDA Economic Research Service
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Annual Disability Statistics Compendium 2026
Presents statistics on Americans with disabilities across key social and economic indicators derived from American Community Survey (ACS) data, including employment, educational attainment, health and healthcare, and more. Section 10 presents data on people with disabilities in rural areas, and compares the prevalence of disability, demographic characteristics, employment status, income, and insurance coverage status across metropolitan, micropolitan, and noncore areas.
Date: 2026
Sponsoring organizations: Center for Research on Disability, Institute on Disability, University of New Hampshire, National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research
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Presents statistics on Americans with disabilities across key social and economic indicators derived from American Community Survey (ACS) data, including employment, educational attainment, health and healthcare, and more. Section 10 presents data on people with disabilities in rural areas, and compares the prevalence of disability, demographic characteristics, employment status, income, and insurance coverage status across metropolitan, micropolitan, and noncore areas.
Date: 2026
Sponsoring organizations: Center for Research on Disability, Institute on Disability, University of New Hampshire, National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research
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Median Household Income by County
Printable map that shows the estimated median household income nationwide by county. Data source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income & Poverty Estimates
Date: 2026
Sponsoring organization: Rural Health Information Hub
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Printable map that shows the estimated median household income nationwide by county. Data source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income & Poverty Estimates
Date: 2026
Sponsoring organization: Rural Health Information Hub
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Rurality, Socioeconomic Status, and Psychosocial Health Outcomes During Pregnancy
Examines pregnancy-related depressive symptoms, quality of life, and perceived stress across socioeconomic and geographic variables. Analyzes 2020-2024 data from 497 pregnant women according to their psychosocial health with breakdowns by socioeconomic status, area deprivation index, and location of urban, micropolitan rural, or small town rural.
Author(s): Katrina L. Wilhite, Jacob Gallagher, Alex Crisp, et al.
Citation: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 26, 23
Date: 12/2025
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Examines pregnancy-related depressive symptoms, quality of life, and perceived stress across socioeconomic and geographic variables. Analyzes 2020-2024 data from 497 pregnant women according to their psychosocial health with breakdowns by socioeconomic status, area deprivation index, and location of urban, micropolitan rural, or small town rural.
Author(s): Katrina L. Wilhite, Jacob Gallagher, Alex Crisp, et al.
Citation: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 26, 23
Date: 12/2025
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