Rural Health
Resources by Topic: Rural-urban differences
A Stubborn Problem: Unaffordable Health Costs Continue to Strain Californians' Finances
Examines healthcare affordability in California from 2019 to 2024, comparing pre-COVID-19 pandemic experiences to after the pandemic had subsided, alongside the implementation of related state and federal policy impacting affordability. Provides percentages of Californians who have trouble paying medical bills, who use credit cards to pay medical bills, who have private insurance with deductibles above $2,000, and more, according to coverage type, demographics, region, and rural versus urban location.
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: State Health Access Data Assistance Center
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Examines healthcare affordability in California from 2019 to 2024, comparing pre-COVID-19 pandemic experiences to after the pandemic had subsided, alongside the implementation of related state and federal policy impacting affordability. Provides percentages of Californians who have trouble paying medical bills, who use credit cards to pay medical bills, who have private insurance with deductibles above $2,000, and more, according to coverage type, demographics, region, and rural versus urban location.
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: State Health Access Data Assistance Center
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Value-Based Payments Are Catching On, but Rural and Small Practices Lag
Describes the current rates of primary care physician (PCP) participation in value-based payment. Includes data on the percent of primary care physicians in rural and small practices that reported receiving revenue from value-based payment in 2025. Discusses barriers and potential solutions to increasing PCP participation in value-based payment.
Author(s): Celli Horstman, Corrine Lewis
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: Commonwealth Fund
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Describes the current rates of primary care physician (PCP) participation in value-based payment. Includes data on the percent of primary care physicians in rural and small practices that reported receiving revenue from value-based payment in 2025. Discusses barriers and potential solutions to increasing PCP participation in value-based payment.
Author(s): Celli Horstman, Corrine Lewis
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: Commonwealth Fund
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West Virginia Rural Primary Care Workforce
Offers maps and tables of the primary care workforce distribution in West Virginia in 2025. Includes county-level data and rural and urban comparisons.
Author(s): S.C. Woolcock, C.H.A. Andrilla, L.A. Garberson, J.M. Graves
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: WWAMI Rural Health Research Center
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Offers maps and tables of the primary care workforce distribution in West Virginia in 2025. Includes county-level data and rural and urban comparisons.
Author(s): S.C. Woolcock, C.H.A. Andrilla, L.A. Garberson, J.M. Graves
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: WWAMI Rural Health Research Center
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West Virginia Rural Behavioral Health Workforce
Offers maps and tables of the supply and distribution of behavioral health clinicians in West Virginia in 2025. Includes county-level data and rural and urban comparisons.
Author(s): S.C. Woolcock, C.H.A. Andrilla, L.A. Garberson, J.M. Graves
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: WWAMI Rural Health Research Center
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Offers maps and tables of the supply and distribution of behavioral health clinicians in West Virginia in 2025. Includes county-level data and rural and urban comparisons.
Author(s): S.C. Woolcock, C.H.A. Andrilla, L.A. Garberson, J.M. Graves
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: WWAMI Rural Health Research Center
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West Virginia Rural Obstetrical Workforce
Offers maps and tables of the obstetricians and advanced practice midwives workforce distribution in West Virginia in 2025. Includes county-level data and rural and urban comparisons.
Author(s): S.C. Woolcock, C.H.A. Andrilla, L.A. Garberson, J.M. Graves
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: WWAMI Rural Health Research Center
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Offers maps and tables of the obstetricians and advanced practice midwives workforce distribution in West Virginia in 2025. Includes county-level data and rural and urban comparisons.
Author(s): S.C. Woolcock, C.H.A. Andrilla, L.A. Garberson, J.M. Graves
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: WWAMI Rural Health Research Center
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Exploring Maternal Mental Health Conditions and Urban-Rural Disparities in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in South Carolina: A Fairlie Decomposition Approach
Examines the impact of maternal mental health on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in rural and urban areas of South Carolina. Utilizes data from 270,000 mothers with HDP to analyze maternal mental health conditions according to rural versus urban location, demographic variables, quality of prenatal care, mother's health condition, and more.
Author(s): Manan Roy, Maggie Sugg, Jennifer Runkle
Citation: Maternal and Child Health Journal, 30, 452-463
Date: 03/2026
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Examines the impact of maternal mental health on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in rural and urban areas of South Carolina. Utilizes data from 270,000 mothers with HDP to analyze maternal mental health conditions according to rural versus urban location, demographic variables, quality of prenatal care, mother's health condition, and more.
Author(s): Manan Roy, Maggie Sugg, Jennifer Runkle
Citation: Maternal and Child Health Journal, 30, 452-463
Date: 03/2026
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One or Two Health Systems Controlled the Entire Market for Inpatient Hospital Care in Nearly Half of Metropolitan Areas in 2024
Examines the competitiveness of hospital markets in 2024 by analyzing RAND Hospital Data and American Hospital Association (AHA) survey data. Presents data on the share of metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) controlled by a small number of health systems, the level of market concentration in MSAs, and the share of hospitals affiliated with health systems over time. Compares the share of hospitals affiliated with health systems in rural and non-rural areas.
Author(s): Jamie Godwin, Zachary Levinson, Tricia Neuman
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: KFF
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Examines the competitiveness of hospital markets in 2024 by analyzing RAND Hospital Data and American Hospital Association (AHA) survey data. Presents data on the share of metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) controlled by a small number of health systems, the level of market concentration in MSAs, and the share of hospitals affiliated with health systems over time. Compares the share of hospitals affiliated with health systems in rural and non-rural areas.
Author(s): Jamie Godwin, Zachary Levinson, Tricia Neuman
Date: 03/2026
Sponsoring organization: KFF
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Cardiovascular Mortality Risk After Cancer Diagnosis by County‐Level Characteristics in the United States 2000–2021
Examines how cardiovascular disease mortality among cancer survivors differs by county rural or urban status, persistent poverty, and racial composition, using 2000-2021 SEER 17 Registries data.
Author(s): Yenan Zhu, Ryan Suk, Yueh‐Yun Lin, Young‐Rock Hong, Beth Virnig
Citation: Cancer Medicine, 15(3), e71675
Date: 02/2026
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Examines how cardiovascular disease mortality among cancer survivors differs by county rural or urban status, persistent poverty, and racial composition, using 2000-2021 SEER 17 Registries data.
Author(s): Yenan Zhu, Ryan Suk, Yueh‐Yun Lin, Young‐Rock Hong, Beth Virnig
Citation: Cancer Medicine, 15(3), e71675
Date: 02/2026
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Trends and Inequities in Peptic Ulcer Mortality Across the United States, 1999–2023
Examines peptic ulcer disease (PUD) mortality across demographic groups and rural versus urban location. Utilizes 1999-2023 CDC WONDER data and analyzes mortality according to year of death, type of ulcer, demographic variables, and metro versus nonmetro location.
Author(s): Xiaoming Lin, Shuai Wang, Yunan Guan, Helei Wang
Citation: BMC Gastroenterology, 26, 174
Date: 02/2026
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Examines peptic ulcer disease (PUD) mortality across demographic groups and rural versus urban location. Utilizes 1999-2023 CDC WONDER data and analyzes mortality according to year of death, type of ulcer, demographic variables, and metro versus nonmetro location.
Author(s): Xiaoming Lin, Shuai Wang, Yunan Guan, Helei Wang
Citation: BMC Gastroenterology, 26, 174
Date: 02/2026
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Demographic and Geographic Heterogeneity in Tongue Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1999–2020
Analyzes trends in tongue cancer mortality rates by sex, race or ethnicity, rurality, and more, using 1999-2020 CDC WONDER data. See Table 1 and Figure 1 for rural-urban comparison data.
Author(s): Aifeng Gong, Hengfa Ge, Chenchen Yang
Citation: Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 19
Date: 02/2026
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Analyzes trends in tongue cancer mortality rates by sex, race or ethnicity, rurality, and more, using 1999-2020 CDC WONDER data. See Table 1 and Figure 1 for rural-urban comparison data.
Author(s): Aifeng Gong, Hengfa Ge, Chenchen Yang
Citation: Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 19
Date: 02/2026
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